George Poulett Scrope discovered geological time through the study of volcanoes, such as the extinct one near the city of Jaujac in the Vivarais. In that region, vast cliffs of columnar basalt were revealed over time by the flow of the Alignon river. Image from Memoir on the Geology of Central France, including the Volcanic Formations of Auvergne, the Velay and the Vivarais, 1827.